Boron incorporation in the foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii under a de- coupled carbonate chemistry

A number of studies have shown that the boron isotopic composition (δB) and the B /Ca ratio of biogenic carbonates (mostly foraminifers) can serve as proxies for two parameters of the ocean’s carbonate chemistry, rendering it possible to calculate the entire carbonate system. However, the B incorporation mechanism into marine carbonates is still not fully understood and analyses of field samples show species-specific and hydrographic effects on the B proxies complicating their application. Identifying the carbonate system parameter influencing boron incorporation is difficult due to the co-variation of pH, CO 3 and B(OH)−4 . To shed light on the question which parameter of the carbonate system is related to the boron incorporation, we performed culture experiments with the benthic symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii using a decoupled pH–CO 3 chemistry. The determination of the δB and B /Ca ratios was performed simultaneously by means of a new in situ technique combining optical emission spectroscopy and laser ablation MC-ICP-MS. The boron isotopic composition in the tests gets heavier with increasing pH and B /Ca increases with increasing B(OH)−4 /HCO − 3 of the culture media. The latter indicates that boron uptake of A. lessonii features a competition between B(OH)−4 and HCO − 3 . Furthermore, the simultaneous determination of B /Ca and δB on single specimens allows for assessing the relative variability of these parameters. Among different treatments the B /Ca shows an increasing variability with increasing boron concentration in the test whereas the variability in the isotope distribution is constant.